EKONOMI
KOPERASI
A.
Pengertian koperasi
Penjelasan UUD 1945 menyatakan bahwa bangunan usaha yang sesuai dengan
kepribadian bangsa indonesia adalah koperasi. Koperasi merupakan gerakan
ekonomi rakyat yang dijalankan berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan. inti dari
koperasi adalah kerja sama, yaitu kerja sama diantara anggota dan para pengurus
dalam rangka mewujudkan kesejahteraan anggota dan masyarakat serta membangun
tatanan perekonomian nasional. Sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat, koperasi bukan
hanya milik orang kaya melainkan juga milik oleh seluruh rakyat Indonesia tanpa
terkecuali.
Berikut ini adalah landasan koperasi Indonesia yang melandasi aktifitas
koperasi di Indonesia.
·
Landasan Idiil ( pancasila )
·
Landasan Mental ( Setia kawan dan kesadaran diri
sendiri )
·
Landasan Struktural dan gerak ( UUD 1945 Pasal 33 Ayat
1 )
Koperasi adalah juga gerakan yang terorganisasi yang
didorong oleh cita – cita rakyat mencapai masyarakat yang maju, adil dan makmur
seperti yang diamanatkan oleh UUD 1945 khususnya pasal 33 ayat (1) yang
menyatakan bahwa :
“Perekonomian disusun sebagai usaha bersama berdasar atas asas
kekeluargaan”. Dan “bangun perusahaan yang sesuai dengan itu ialah koperasi”.
Karena dorongan cita – cita rakyat itu, undang – undang tentang perkoperasian
No. 25 Tahun 1992 menyatakan bahwa koperasi selain badan usaha juga adalah
gerakan ekonomi rakyat.
1. Definisi Koperasi menurut ILO (
International Labour Organization )
Dalam definisi ILO terdapat 6 elemen yang dikandung
dalam koperasi, yaitu :
·
Koperasi adalah perkumpulan orang-orang
·
Penggabungan orang-orang berdasarkan kesukarelaan
·
Terdapat tujuan ekonomi yang ingin dicapai
·
Koperasi berbentuk organisasi bisnis yang diawasi dan
dikendalikan secara demokratis
·
Terdapat kontribusi yang adil terhadap modal yang dibutuhkan
·
Anggota koperasi menerima resiko dan manfaat secara
seimbang
2. Definisi Koperasi menurut
Chaniago
Drs. Arifinal Chaniago (1984) dalam bukunya
Perkoperasian Indonesia
memberikan definisi, “ Koperasi adalah suatu
perkumpulan yang beranggotakan
orang – orang atau badan hukum yang memberikan
kebebasan masuk dan keluar sebagai anggota dengan bekerja sama secara
kekeluargaan menjalankan usaha untuk mempertinggi kesejahteraan jasmaniah para
anggotanya”.
3. Definisi Koperasi
menurut Dooren
Menurut P.J.V. Dooren tidak ada satu definisi koperasi yang diterima secara umum. Disini Dooren memperluas pengertian koperasi, dimana koperasi tidak hanya kumpulan orang-orang melainkan juga kumpulan badan-badan hukum.
Menurut P.J.V. Dooren tidak ada satu definisi koperasi yang diterima secara umum. Disini Dooren memperluas pengertian koperasi, dimana koperasi tidak hanya kumpulan orang-orang melainkan juga kumpulan badan-badan hukum.
4. Definisi Koperasi
menurut Hatta
Definisi koperasi menurut “Bapak Koperasi Indonesia” Moh. Hatta adalah usaha bersama untuk memperbaiki nasib penghidupan ekonomi berdasarkan tolong-menolong.
Definisi koperasi menurut “Bapak Koperasi Indonesia” Moh. Hatta adalah usaha bersama untuk memperbaiki nasib penghidupan ekonomi berdasarkan tolong-menolong.
5. Definisi Koperasi
menurut Munkner
Munkner mendefinisikan koperasi sebagai organisasi tolong – menolong yang menjalankan “urusniaga” secara kumpulan, yang berazaskan konsep tolong – menolong. Aktivitas dalam urusniaga semata – mata bertujuan ekonomi, bukan social seperti yang dikandung gotong – royong.
Munkner mendefinisikan koperasi sebagai organisasi tolong – menolong yang menjalankan “urusniaga” secara kumpulan, yang berazaskan konsep tolong – menolong. Aktivitas dalam urusniaga semata – mata bertujuan ekonomi, bukan social seperti yang dikandung gotong – royong.
6.
Definisi UU No.25 / 1992
Koperasi adalaah badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang seorang atau badan hukum koperasi, dengan melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat, yang berdasar atas azas kekeluargaan.
Koperasi adalaah badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang seorang atau badan hukum koperasi, dengan melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat, yang berdasar atas azas kekeluargaan.
B. Tujuan Koperasi
Menurut UU no 25/1992 pasal 3, Koperasi bertujuan memajukan
kesejahteraan anggota pada khususnya dan masyarakat pada umum nya, serta ikut
membangun tatanan perekonomian nasional dalam rangka mewujudkan masyarkat yang
maju adil dan makmur berdasarkan UUD 45 dan pancasila
Menurut UU no 25/1992 pasal 4, Koperasi bertujuan
:
·
Membangun dan Mengembangkan potensi dan kemampuan
ekonomi anggota nya pada khusus nya dan masyarakat pada umumnya untuk
meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi dan sosialnya
·
memperkokoh perekonomian rakyat sebagai dasar kekuatan
dan ketahan perekonomian nasional dengan koperasi sebagai kopegurunya
·
berperan serta secara aktif dalam upaya mempertinggi
kualitas kehidupan manusia dan masyarakat
·
berusaha untuk mewujudkan dan mengembangkan
perekonomian nasional yang merupakan usaha bersama berdasarkan asas kekluargaan
dan demokrasi ekonomi
C. Prinsip-prinsip
Koperasi
1. prinsip-prinsip koperasi
Prinsip – prinsip koperasi adalah garis –garis penuntun yang digunakan oleh
koperasi untuk melaksanakan nilai – nilai tersebut dalam praktik.Dalam
melakasanakan kegiatannya koperasi harus berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip koperasi
yaitu:
Ø Keanggotaan Bersifat Sukarela Dan
Terbuka.
Koperasi menerima anggota secara terbuka bagi siapa saja yang berminat
menjadi anggota dengan tidak pandang status masyarakat baik dari kalangan
bawah, menengah maupun atas, siapapun mempunyai hak yang sama untuk
mendaftarkan diri dan tidak bersifat memaksa dengan tidak mewajibkan seluruh
masyarakat untuk mendaftarkan diri sebagai anggota yang akan menjadi bagian
dari koperasi yang akan didirikan.
Ø Pengelolaan Dilakukan Secara
Demokrasi.
Koperasi membentuk struktur organisasi sesuai dengan ketentuan yang telah
ada dengan berlandaskan kekeluargaan yang menjunjung asas demokrasi dalam
penyelenggaraan rapat anggota, pembentukan pengawas, penentuan pengurus,dan
penunjukkan pengelola sebagai karyawan yang bekerja di koperasi.
Ø Pembagian SHU Dilakukan Secara Adil
Sesuai Dengan Besarnya Jasa Usaha Masing-Masing.
Koperasi mempunyai tujuan untuk mensejahterakan masyarakat pada umumnya dan
anggota pada khususnya, maka dalam usaha meningkatkan kesejahteraan anggotanya
koperai berusaha semaksimal mungkin untuk bersifat dan berlaku adil dan merata
terutama dalam hal pembagian sisa hasil usaha dengan mempertimbangkan aspek
kepercayaan dalam pengelolaan koperasi yang telah diberikan oleh masing-masing
anggota yang dinilai dalam bentuk besarnya jasa usaha.
Ø Pemberian Balas Jasa Yang Terbatas
Terhadap Modal.
Koperasi memberikan timbal balik kepada anggota yang telah menanamkan
modalnya dan mempercayakan koperasi dalam mengelola modal tersebut berupa balas
jasa yang sesuai dengan keadilan, keseimbangan dan keterbatasan seberapa besar
modal yang telah diberikan anggota dengan transparan agar anggota jelas dan
mengerti pemberian balas jasa yang diberikan koperasi sudah sesuai dengan
ketentuan yang berlaku.
Ø Kemandirian.
Koperasi berdiri dengan prinsip kemandirian dengan tidak berada di bawah
naungan organisasi lain dan tidak bergantung serta mengandalkan organisasi
lain, koperasi berdiri sendiri dengan membentuk struktur organisasi sendiri
untuk mengelola dan menjalankan kegiatan usahanya dengan bertujuan meningkatkan
kesejahteraan anggota dan masyarakat.
Ø Pendidikan Perkoperasian.
Koperasi mempunyai arah dan tujuan untuk dapat bekerja sama mengelola
kegiatan yang bersifat positif membutuhkan keahlian dalam pengopersiannya maka
dibutuhkan pendidikan dan pengarahan dalam penerapannya dengan bermaksud agar
koperasi sebagai wadah yang berlandaskan prinsip dan asas kekeluargaan dapat
bermanfaat, oleh karena itu pendidikan perkoperasian sangatlah dibutuhkan
sebagai dasar pembentukan koperasi.
Ø Kerjasama Antar Koperasi.
Koperasi dikatakan bersifat mandiri dalam pengorganisasiannya tetapi dalam
menjalankan kegiatan usahanya koperasi tetap menjalin hubungan dan kerjasama
antar koperasi berupa komunikasi dan interaksi baik secara langsung maupun
tidak langsung karena koperasi berlandaskan kekeluargaan dan dalam menjaga
kelangsungan kehidupan perkoperasian diusahakan selalu mengadakan kerjasama
agar dapat memperluas bidang usaha dan saling memberikan dukungan.
Beberapa prinsip – prinsip koperasi yang didapatkan dari berbagai sumber,
sebagai berikut :
Ø Prinsip menurut Munkner
Hans H. Munkner menyarikan 12 prinsip koperasi yang ditunkan dari 7
variabel gagasan umum sebagai berikut :
·
7 variabel gagasan umum :
1. Menolong diri sendiri berdasarkan kesetiakawanan ( self-help based on
solidarity )
2. Demokrasi ( democracy )
3. kekuatan modal tidak diutamakan ( neutaralited Capital )
4. ekonomi ( Economy )
5. Kebebasan ( Liberty )
6. Keadilan ( Equity )
7. Memajukan kehidupan social melalui pendidikan ( Social Advancement
Through Education )
·
12 Prinsip koperasi :
1. Keanggotaan bersifat sukarela (Valuntarily membership )
2. Keanggotaan terbuka ( Open membership )
3. Pengembangan anggota ( Member Promotion )
4. Identitas sebagai pemilik dan pelanggan ( Identity of co-owners and
customers )
5. Manajemen dan pengawasan dilaksanakan secara demokratis (Democratic
management and control)
6. Koperasi sebagai kumpulan orang – orang ( Personal Cooperation)
7. Modal yang berkaitan dengan aspek social tidak dibagi (Indivisible social
capital)
8. Efisiensi ekonomi dari perusahaan koperasi (Economic efficiency of the
cooperative enterprise)
9. Perkumpulan dengan sukarela ( Valuntarily association )
10. Kebebasan dalam pengambilan keputusan dan penetapan tujuan (Autonomy in
goal setting and the decision making)
11. Pendistribusi yang adil dan merata akan hasil – hasil ekonomi (Fair and
just distribution of economic result)
12. Pendidikan anggota ( Member Education )
2. Prinsip menurut Rochdale (
Equitable Pioner’s Rochdale )
Prinsip –
prinsip koperasi rochdale menurut bentuk dan sifat aslinya :
·
Pengawasan secara demokratis ( Democratic Control )
·
Keanggotaan yang terbuka ( Open membership )
·
Bunga atas modal dibatasi ( a fixed or limited
interest on capital )
·
Pembagian sisa hasil usaha ( SHU ) kepada anggota
sebanding dengan jasa masing – masing anggota ( The distribution of surplus in
dividend to the members in proportion to their purchases )
·
Penjualan sepenuhnya dengan tunai ( Trading strictly
on a cash basis )
·
Barang – barang yang dijual harus asli dan tidak
dipalsukan ( Selling only pure and unadulterated goods )
·
Netral terhadap politik dan agama ( Political and
religious neutrality )
Prinsip – prinsip
koperasi Rochdale ini selanjutnya merupakan landasan kerja koperasi :
·
Pembelian barang secara tunai
·
Harga jual sama dengan harga barang pasar setempat
·
Mutu barang baik, timbangan dan ukurannya benar
·
Pemberian bunga atas modal dibatasi
·
Keuntungan dibagi berdasarkan banyaknya pembelian
·
Sebagian keuntungan dipergunakan untuk cadangan dana
pendidikan, dan dana social
·
Keanggotaan terbuka untuk umum, netral terhadap agama
dan politik
3. Prinsip menurut Raiffeisen
Prinsip
Raiffeisen adalah sebagai berikut :
·
Swadaya
·
Daerah kerja terbatas
·
SHU untuk cadangan
·
Tanggung jawab anggota tidak terbatas
·
Pengurus bekerja atas dasar kesukarelaan
·
Usaha hanya kepada anggota
·
Keanggotaan atas dasar watak, bukan uang
Untuk itu
Raiffeisen memupuk modal dari para pemilik modal dengan bunga yang sangat
rendah. Landasan dan cara kerja yang ditempuh oleh F.W Raiffeisen adalah :
·
Petani dibiasakan untuk menabung
·
Adanya pengawasan terhadap pemakaian kredit
·
Keanggotaan dibatasi agar antar anggota dapat saling
mengenal dan dapat bekerja sama dengan baik
·
Pengelolaan oleh anggota dan tidak mendapat upah
·
keuntungan bersih menjadi milik bersama
Koperasi ini
menjadi kredit union dan Basnk Perkreditan Rakyat yang kemudian dikenal sebagai
Bank Raiffeisen.
4. Prinsip menurut Schulze
Untuk membentuk koperasi kredit atau Bank Tabungan Kredit adalah dengan
cara :
·
Membeli saham untuk menjadi anggota
·
Mengumpulkan modal dari penyambung yang mau memberikan
uangnya sebagai modal
·
Membatasi pinjaman untuk jangka pendek
·
Menetapkan wilayah kerja diperkotaan
·
Menggaji para pengurus
·
Membagi keuntungan kepada para anggota
Herman Schulze
yang dikembangkan didaerah pinggiran kota ( urban ). Inti prinsip Herman
Schulze adalah sebagai berikut :
·
Swadaya
·
SHU untuk cadanan dan untuk dibagikan kepada
anggotanya
·
Tanggung jawab anggota terbatas
·
Pengurus bekerja dengan mendapatkan imbalan
·
Usaha tidak terbatas tidak hanya untuk anggota
·
Prinsip menurut ICA ( International Cooperative
Allience )
5. ICA ( International Cooperative alliance ) yang didirikan pada tahun 1895 merupakan organisasi gerakan koperasi yang
tertinggi didunia.
Dalam BAB IV
Undang – undang NO. 12 Tahun 1967 yang membahas asas dan sendi dasar koperasi,
dimana dikatakan bahwa asas koperasi adalah kekeluargaan dan kegotong –
royongan, sednagkan dalam sendi dasar koperasdi di antaranya dimasukan
keanggotaan yang sukarela, pembagian sisa hasil usaha diatur menurut masing –
masing anggota, pembatasan bunga atas modal dan sebagainya, yang semua ini oleh
ICA dikelompokkan sebagai Cooperative Principles.
Sidang ICA pada
tahun 1966 merumuskan prinsip – prinsip koperasi, dirinci sebagai berikut:
Ø Keanggotaan koperasi secara terbuka tanpa adanya pembatasan yang dibuat –
buat ( Open and voluntarily membership )
Ø Kepimpinan yang demokrasi atas dasar satu orang satu suara (Democratic
control – one member one vote)
Ø Modal menerima bunag yang terbatas,
itupun bila ada ( Limited interest of capital )
Ø SHU dibagi tiga :
·
Sebagian untuk cadangan
·
Sebagian untuk masyarakat
·
Sebagian untuk dibagikan kembali kepada anggota sesuai
dengan jasa masing – masing
Ø Semua koperasi harus melaksanakan pendidikan secara terus menerus
(Promotion of Education)
Ø Gerakan koperasi harus melaksanakan kerja sama yang erat, baik di tingkat
regional, nasional, maupu internasional (Intercooperative network)
6. Prinsip – prinsip koperasi
Indonesia
Ø Menurut Undang – undang No.12 Yahun 1967
Jika dilihat
dari sejarah perundang – undangan koperasi Indonesia, maka sejak Indonesia
merdeka sudah ada empat undang – undang menyangkut perkoperasian, yaitu :
·
Undang – undang No. 79 Tahu 1958 tentang perkumpulan
koperasi
·
Undang – undang No. 14 Tahun 1965
·
Undang – undang No. 12 Tahun 1967 tentang pokok- pokok
perkoperasian
·
Undang – undang No. 25 Tahun 1992 tentang
perkoperasian
Prinsip –
prinsip atau sendi – sendi dasar koperasi menurut undang – undang No. 12 tahun
1967, adalah sebagai berikut
·
Sifat keanggotaannya sukarela dan terbuka untuk setiap
warga Negara Indonesia
·
Rapat Anggota merupakan kekuasaan tertinggi sebagai
pencerminan demokrasi dalam koperasi
·
Pembagian SHU diatur menurut jasa masing – masing
anggota
·
Adanya pembatasan bunga atas modal
·
Mengembangkan kesejahteraan anggota khususnya dan
masyarakat umumnya
·
Usaha dan ketatalaksanaannya bersifat terbuka
·
Swadaya, swakarta, dan swasembada sebagai pencerminan
prinsip dasar percaya diri sendiri
Ø Menurut Undang – undang No. 25 Tahun 1992
Prinsip –
prinsip menurut undang – undang No. 25 tahun 1992 Pasal 5 dan yang berlaku saat
ini di Indonesia disebutkan prinsip koperasi adalah sebagai berikut :
·
Keanggotaan bersifat sukarela dan terbuka
·
Pengelolaan dilakukan secara demokratis
·
Pembagian Sisa Hasil Usaha ( SHU ) dilakukan secara
adil sebanding dengan besarnya jasa usaha masing – masing anggota (andil
anggota tersebut dalam koperasi)
·
Pemberian balas
jasa terhadap modal terbatas
·
Kemandirian
·
Pendidikan perkoperasian
·
Kerjasama antar koperasi
SUMBER
ECONOMIC COOPERATION
A. understanding cooperative
Explanation of the 1945 Constitution states that the building business in accordance with the Indonesian national identity is cooperative . Cooperative is an economic movement that is run based on the principle of kinship . the core of the cooperative is cooperative , ie cooperation among members and administrators in order to realize the welfare of its members and the community as well as build the national economy . As an economic movement , the cooperative is not only owned by the rich but also owned by the people of Indonesia without exception .
Here is a cooperative basis underlying the Indonesian cooperative activities in Indonesia.
• Platform idiil ( Pancasila )
• Mental Platform ( Faithful friend and self awareness )
• Structural and foundation movement (UUD 1945 Article 33 Paragraph 1 )
Cooperatives are also organized movement which is driven by ideals - ideals people reaching advanced society , just and prosperous as mandated by the 1945 Constitution, particularly Article 33 paragraph ( 1 ) which states that :
" The economy is structured as a joint venture based on the principle of kinship " . And " woke up in accordance with the company that is co-operative " . Encouraged ideals - ideals that the people , law - law on cooperatives No. . 25 of 1992 states that in addition to cooperative enterprises are also popular economic movement .
1 . Cooperative definitions according to the ILO (International Labour Organization )
In the ILO definition , there are 6 elements contained in the cooperatives , namely :
• Cooperatives are associations of people
• Merger of people based on volunteerism
• There are economic objectives to be achieved
• Cooperative form of business organization supervised and controlled democratically
• There is a fair contribution to the capital required
• Members of the cooperative to accept the risks and benefits are balanced
2 . Definition of Cooperatives by Chaniago
Drs . Arifinal Chaniago (1984 ) in his book Indonesian Cooperatives
provides a definition , " Cooperative is an association whose members
person - the person or legal entity that provides freedom in and out as members of the family work together to run the business to enhance the physical well-being of its members " .
3 . Cooperative definition according Dooren
According P.J.V. Dooren no single accepted definition of cooperatives in general . Here Dooren expand the understanding of cooperatives , where the cooperative is not just a collection of people but also a collection of entities .
4 . Cooperative definition according to Hatta
Definition cooperative according to the " Father of Indonesian Cooperatives " Moh . Hatta is a collaborative effort to improve the lot of subsistence economy based on mutual help .
5 . Cooperative definition according Munkner
Munkner defines a cooperative as an organization help - help that running " urusniaga " is set , that based on the concept of help - help . Activity in urusniaga only - aim eyes economics , not social as conceived gotong - royong .
6 . Definition of Law 25 / 1992
Adalaah cooperative business entity consisting of a person or legal entities , with the bases activities based on the principles of economic cooperation as well as the people's movement , which is based on the principle of kinship .
B. The purpose Cooperative
According to Law No. 25/1992 Article 3, the cooperative aims to promote the welfare of members in particular and society in general his , and helped build the national economy in order to realize a fair society and a prosperous advanced by the Constitution 45 and Pancasila
According to Law No. 25/1992 Article 4 , Cooperative aims :
• Build and develop the potential and ability of its economy to its dedicated members and society at large to improve the economic and social welfare
• strengthen the economy of the people as the basis of the strength and resilience of the national economy with the cooperative as kopegurunya
• participate actively in efforts to enhance the quality of human life and society
• seek to establish and develop the national economy which is a joint venture based on democratic principles and economic kinship
Explanation of the 1945 Constitution states that the building business in accordance with the Indonesian national identity is cooperative . Cooperative is an economic movement that is run based on the principle of kinship . the core of the cooperative is cooperative , ie cooperation among members and administrators in order to realize the welfare of its members and the community as well as build the national economy . As an economic movement , the cooperative is not only owned by the rich but also owned by the people of Indonesia without exception .
Here is a cooperative basis underlying the Indonesian cooperative activities in Indonesia.
• Platform idiil ( Pancasila )
• Mental Platform ( Faithful friend and self awareness )
• Structural and foundation movement (UUD 1945 Article 33 Paragraph 1 )
Cooperatives are also organized movement which is driven by ideals - ideals people reaching advanced society , just and prosperous as mandated by the 1945 Constitution, particularly Article 33 paragraph ( 1 ) which states that :
" The economy is structured as a joint venture based on the principle of kinship " . And " woke up in accordance with the company that is co-operative " . Encouraged ideals - ideals that the people , law - law on cooperatives No. . 25 of 1992 states that in addition to cooperative enterprises are also popular economic movement .
1 . Cooperative definitions according to the ILO (International Labour Organization )
In the ILO definition , there are 6 elements contained in the cooperatives , namely :
• Cooperatives are associations of people
• Merger of people based on volunteerism
• There are economic objectives to be achieved
• Cooperative form of business organization supervised and controlled democratically
• There is a fair contribution to the capital required
• Members of the cooperative to accept the risks and benefits are balanced
2 . Definition of Cooperatives by Chaniago
Drs . Arifinal Chaniago (1984 ) in his book Indonesian Cooperatives
provides a definition , " Cooperative is an association whose members
person - the person or legal entity that provides freedom in and out as members of the family work together to run the business to enhance the physical well-being of its members " .
3 . Cooperative definition according Dooren
According P.J.V. Dooren no single accepted definition of cooperatives in general . Here Dooren expand the understanding of cooperatives , where the cooperative is not just a collection of people but also a collection of entities .
4 . Cooperative definition according to Hatta
Definition cooperative according to the " Father of Indonesian Cooperatives " Moh . Hatta is a collaborative effort to improve the lot of subsistence economy based on mutual help .
5 . Cooperative definition according Munkner
Munkner defines a cooperative as an organization help - help that running " urusniaga " is set , that based on the concept of help - help . Activity in urusniaga only - aim eyes economics , not social as conceived gotong - royong .
6 . Definition of Law 25 / 1992
Adalaah cooperative business entity consisting of a person or legal entities , with the bases activities based on the principles of economic cooperation as well as the people's movement , which is based on the principle of kinship .
B. The purpose Cooperative
According to Law No. 25/1992 Article 3, the cooperative aims to promote the welfare of members in particular and society in general his , and helped build the national economy in order to realize a fair society and a prosperous advanced by the Constitution 45 and Pancasila
According to Law No. 25/1992 Article 4 , Cooperative aims :
• Build and develop the potential and ability of its economy to its dedicated members and society at large to improve the economic and social welfare
• strengthen the economy of the people as the basis of the strength and resilience of the national economy with the cooperative as kopegurunya
• participate actively in efforts to enhance the quality of human life and society
• seek to establish and develop the national economy which is a joint venture based on democratic principles and economic kinship
C. Cooperative Principles
1 . cooperative principles
Principle - the principle of cooperation is the guiding lines that are used by the cooperative to implement value - the value is in praktik.Dalam melakasanakan cooperative activities should be based on the principles of cooperation , namely :
Membership is voluntary and open .Ø
Cooperative members receive open to anyone interested in becoming members of the community regardless of status both from the bottom , middle and top , anyone have the same rights to enroll and not be forced to not require all people to register as members to be be part of the cooperative to be established .
Management Conducted on Democracy .Ø
Cooperative formed in accordance with the organizational structure of the existing provisions with regard kinship based on the principles of democracy in the organization of meetings of members , supervisors formation , the determination of the board , and the appointment of managers as employees who work in cooperatives .
Conducted Fit Fair amount of Each business service .ØSHU division
Cooperative has a goal to the welfare of society in general and members in particular , in an effort to improve the welfare of its members koperai make every effort to be fair and equitable and applies particularly in the case of distribution of net income to take into account the confidence in the management of cooperatives that have been given by the respective each member is assessed in the form of the amount of business services .
Provision of Services Against The Capital Limited .ØReply
Cooperatives provide feedback to members who have invested their capital and capital entrusted to manage the cooperative form of remuneration in accordance with justice, equity and limited how much capital has been awarded members with clear and transparent so that members understand the provision of fringe benefits provided are appropriate cooperative with applicable regulations .
Independence .Ø
Cooperative stand with the independence principle is not under the auspices of other organizations and not rely and rely on other organizations , cooperatives stand alone with its own organizational structure established to manage and run their business activities with a view to improving the welfare of its members and the community .
Education Cooperatives.Ø
Cooperatives have a direction and a goal to be able to work together to manage the activities that are positive pengopersiannya requires expertise in the education and guidance needed in the application intends to be cooperative as a container which is based on the principle and the principle of the family can be useful , therefore, cooperative education is needed as a basis for the establishment cooperative .
Cooperation among Cooperatives .Ø
Cooperatives are said to be independent in its organization , but in the course of their business relationship remains cooperative and cooperation among cooperatives in the form of communication and interaction , either directly or indirectly because of the cooperative based on kinship and cooperatives in sustaining life has always cultivated its collaboration in order to expand the business and each other provide support .
Some principles - the principle of cooperation is obtained from various sources , as follows :
Principles by MunknerØ
Hans H. Munkner extracted 12 ditunkan cooperative principle of the general idea of variable 7 as follows :
• 7 variable general idea :
1 . Self-help based on solidarity ( self -help based on solidarity )
2 . Democracy ( democracy)
3 . capital strength are not prioritized ( neutaralited Capital )
4 . economy ( Economy )
5 . Freedom ( Liberty )
6 . Justice ( Equity )
7 . Advancing social life through education ( Social Advancement Through Education )
• Cooperative Principle 12 :
1 . Membership is voluntary ( Valuntarily membership )
2 . Membership is open ( open membership )
3 . Developing member ( Member Promotion )
4 . Identity as the owner and customers ( Identity of the co - owners and customers)
5 . Management and supervision of democratic management ( Democratic management and control )
6 . Cooperatives as a collection of people - people ( Personal Cooperation)
7 . Capital relating to the social aspects are not shared ( indivisible social capital )
8 . Economic efficiency of cooperative enterprises ( Economic efficiency of the cooperative enterprise )
9 . Voluntary association ( association Valuntarily )
10 . Freedom in decision-making and goal-setting ( Autonomy in the goal setting and decision making)
11 . Distributor will be fair and equitable outcomes - economic results ( fair and just distribution of economic result )
12 . Education member ( Member Education )
2 . According to the principles of Rochdale ( Rochdale Equitable Pioneers ' s )
Principle - the principle of cooperation and the nature of rochdale according to its original form :
• Supervision democratic ( Democratic Control )
• Membership is open ( open membership )
• Interest on capital is limited (a fixed or limited interest on capital )
• Distribution of net income ( SHU ) to members proportionate to the respective services - each member ( The distribution of surplus in dividends to the members in proportion to their purchases )
• Sales entirely by cash ( Trading strictly on a cash basis)
• Goods - goods sold must be genuine and not faked ( Selling only pure and Unadulterated goods)
• Neutral to politics and religion (Political and religious neutrality )
Principle - the Rochdale cooperative principles are the foundation further cooperative work :
• Purchase of goods for cash
• The selling price equal to the price of local market
• Quality of good stuff , scales and correct size
• Provision of limited interest on capital
• Gain divided by the number of purchases
• Some benefits reserve fund is used for education , and the social fund
• Membership is open to the public , neutral on religion and politics
3 . Principle according to Raiffeisen
Raiffeisen principles are as follows :
• Non
• Work area is limited
• SHU for backup
• The responsibility of members is not limited
• Board work on a voluntary basis
• Effort only to members
• Membership on the basis of character , not money
To the capital of Raiffeisen cultivate the owners of capital with very low interest . Grounding and ways of working adopted by FW Raiffeisen is :
• Farmers accustomed to saving
• The supervision of credit usage
• Membership is restricted to be between members can get to know each other and can work together well
• Managed by a member and did not receive wages
• net profits belong together
Credit union operatives and Rural Basnk which became known as the Raiffeisen Bank .
4 . Principle according to Schulze
To establish credit unions or Bank Savings Credit is the way :
• Buying stocks to become a member
• Obtaining capital of connective want to give money as capital
• Restricting borrowing for short-term
• Establish work areas in urban
• pay the managers
• Dividing the profits to members
Herman Schulze developed suburban areas ( urban ) . Herman Schulze core principles are as follows :
• Non
• SHU for cadanan and for distribution to members
• The responsibility of members is limited
• Board work get rewarded
• Businesses are not limited not only to members
• The principle according to ICA ( International Cooperative allience )
5 . ICA ( International Cooperative Alliance ) established in 1895 is the highest organization of the cooperative movement in the world .
In Chapter IV of Law - Law NO . 12, 1967 to discuss the principle of joint and cooperative basis , where it was said that the cooperative principle is familial and kegotong - royongan , sednagkan the basic joints koperasdi of which included voluntary membership , distribution of net income is set according to the individual - each member , interest on capital restrictions and so on , which all this by ICA categorized as Cooperative Principles.
ICA Session in 1966 formulated the principle - the principle of cooperation , broken down as follows :
cooperative membership is open without any restriction made - for ( Open and voluntarily membership)Ø
leadership that democracy on the basis of one person one vote ( Democratic control - one member one vote )Ø
Capital received bunag limited , and even then if there is ( Limited interest of capital )Ø
SHU divided into three :Ø
• The majority of reserves
• Most of the people
• Some to be distributed back to members in accordance with their services - each
All cooperatives must implement continuous education ( Promotion of Education )Ø
Ø cooperative movement should carry out close cooperation , both at the regional , national , international maupu ( Intercooperative network )
6 . Principle - the principle of cooperative Indonesia
According to the Act - Act 12 Yahun 1967Ø
If seen from the history of legislation - Indonesian cooperatives invitation , since Indonesia's independence there were four laws - laws regarding cooperatives , namely :
• Act - Act No. . 79 Know 1958 on cooperative societies
• Act - Act No. . 14 of 1965
• Act - Act No. . 12 of 1967 on the main points of cooperatives
• Act - Act No. . 25 of 1992 on cooperatives
Principle - the principle or joints - joints cooperative basis under law - No. . 12, 1967, are as follows
• The nature of membership is voluntary and open to any citizen of Indonesia
• Member Meeting is the highest authority as a reflection of democracy in the cooperative
• Distribution of SHU governed by their services - each member
• The interest on capital restrictions
• Develop the welfare of members in particular and society in general
• Business and ketatalaksanaannya is open
• Governmental , swakarta , and self-sufficiency as a matter of basic principle of self -confidence
According to the Act - Act No. .Ø 25 of 1992
Principle - the principle according to law - No. . 1992 25 Article 5 and the current in Indonesia is the cooperative principle is as follows :
• Membership is voluntary and open
• Management conducted democratically
• Division of Business Profits ( SHU ) was fairly comparable to the size of their business services - each member ( the member's share of the cooperative )
• provision of fringe benefits to the limited capital
• Independence
• cooperative education
• Cooperation among cooperatives
SOURCE
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koperasi
http://www.ombar.net/2009/08/prinsip-koperasi-indonesia.html
1 . cooperative principles
Principle - the principle of cooperation is the guiding lines that are used by the cooperative to implement value - the value is in praktik.Dalam melakasanakan cooperative activities should be based on the principles of cooperation , namely :
Membership is voluntary and open .Ø
Cooperative members receive open to anyone interested in becoming members of the community regardless of status both from the bottom , middle and top , anyone have the same rights to enroll and not be forced to not require all people to register as members to be be part of the cooperative to be established .
Management Conducted on Democracy .Ø
Cooperative formed in accordance with the organizational structure of the existing provisions with regard kinship based on the principles of democracy in the organization of meetings of members , supervisors formation , the determination of the board , and the appointment of managers as employees who work in cooperatives .
Conducted Fit Fair amount of Each business service .ØSHU division
Cooperative has a goal to the welfare of society in general and members in particular , in an effort to improve the welfare of its members koperai make every effort to be fair and equitable and applies particularly in the case of distribution of net income to take into account the confidence in the management of cooperatives that have been given by the respective each member is assessed in the form of the amount of business services .
Provision of Services Against The Capital Limited .ØReply
Cooperatives provide feedback to members who have invested their capital and capital entrusted to manage the cooperative form of remuneration in accordance with justice, equity and limited how much capital has been awarded members with clear and transparent so that members understand the provision of fringe benefits provided are appropriate cooperative with applicable regulations .
Independence .Ø
Cooperative stand with the independence principle is not under the auspices of other organizations and not rely and rely on other organizations , cooperatives stand alone with its own organizational structure established to manage and run their business activities with a view to improving the welfare of its members and the community .
Education Cooperatives.Ø
Cooperatives have a direction and a goal to be able to work together to manage the activities that are positive pengopersiannya requires expertise in the education and guidance needed in the application intends to be cooperative as a container which is based on the principle and the principle of the family can be useful , therefore, cooperative education is needed as a basis for the establishment cooperative .
Cooperation among Cooperatives .Ø
Cooperatives are said to be independent in its organization , but in the course of their business relationship remains cooperative and cooperation among cooperatives in the form of communication and interaction , either directly or indirectly because of the cooperative based on kinship and cooperatives in sustaining life has always cultivated its collaboration in order to expand the business and each other provide support .
Some principles - the principle of cooperation is obtained from various sources , as follows :
Principles by MunknerØ
Hans H. Munkner extracted 12 ditunkan cooperative principle of the general idea of variable 7 as follows :
• 7 variable general idea :
1 . Self-help based on solidarity ( self -help based on solidarity )
2 . Democracy ( democracy)
3 . capital strength are not prioritized ( neutaralited Capital )
4 . economy ( Economy )
5 . Freedom ( Liberty )
6 . Justice ( Equity )
7 . Advancing social life through education ( Social Advancement Through Education )
• Cooperative Principle 12 :
1 . Membership is voluntary ( Valuntarily membership )
2 . Membership is open ( open membership )
3 . Developing member ( Member Promotion )
4 . Identity as the owner and customers ( Identity of the co - owners and customers)
5 . Management and supervision of democratic management ( Democratic management and control )
6 . Cooperatives as a collection of people - people ( Personal Cooperation)
7 . Capital relating to the social aspects are not shared ( indivisible social capital )
8 . Economic efficiency of cooperative enterprises ( Economic efficiency of the cooperative enterprise )
9 . Voluntary association ( association Valuntarily )
10 . Freedom in decision-making and goal-setting ( Autonomy in the goal setting and decision making)
11 . Distributor will be fair and equitable outcomes - economic results ( fair and just distribution of economic result )
12 . Education member ( Member Education )
2 . According to the principles of Rochdale ( Rochdale Equitable Pioneers ' s )
Principle - the principle of cooperation and the nature of rochdale according to its original form :
• Supervision democratic ( Democratic Control )
• Membership is open ( open membership )
• Interest on capital is limited (a fixed or limited interest on capital )
• Distribution of net income ( SHU ) to members proportionate to the respective services - each member ( The distribution of surplus in dividends to the members in proportion to their purchases )
• Sales entirely by cash ( Trading strictly on a cash basis)
• Goods - goods sold must be genuine and not faked ( Selling only pure and Unadulterated goods)
• Neutral to politics and religion (Political and religious neutrality )
Principle - the Rochdale cooperative principles are the foundation further cooperative work :
• Purchase of goods for cash
• The selling price equal to the price of local market
• Quality of good stuff , scales and correct size
• Provision of limited interest on capital
• Gain divided by the number of purchases
• Some benefits reserve fund is used for education , and the social fund
• Membership is open to the public , neutral on religion and politics
3 . Principle according to Raiffeisen
Raiffeisen principles are as follows :
• Non
• Work area is limited
• SHU for backup
• The responsibility of members is not limited
• Board work on a voluntary basis
• Effort only to members
• Membership on the basis of character , not money
To the capital of Raiffeisen cultivate the owners of capital with very low interest . Grounding and ways of working adopted by FW Raiffeisen is :
• Farmers accustomed to saving
• The supervision of credit usage
• Membership is restricted to be between members can get to know each other and can work together well
• Managed by a member and did not receive wages
• net profits belong together
Credit union operatives and Rural Basnk which became known as the Raiffeisen Bank .
4 . Principle according to Schulze
To establish credit unions or Bank Savings Credit is the way :
• Buying stocks to become a member
• Obtaining capital of connective want to give money as capital
• Restricting borrowing for short-term
• Establish work areas in urban
• pay the managers
• Dividing the profits to members
Herman Schulze developed suburban areas ( urban ) . Herman Schulze core principles are as follows :
• Non
• SHU for cadanan and for distribution to members
• The responsibility of members is limited
• Board work get rewarded
• Businesses are not limited not only to members
• The principle according to ICA ( International Cooperative allience )
5 . ICA ( International Cooperative Alliance ) established in 1895 is the highest organization of the cooperative movement in the world .
In Chapter IV of Law - Law NO . 12, 1967 to discuss the principle of joint and cooperative basis , where it was said that the cooperative principle is familial and kegotong - royongan , sednagkan the basic joints koperasdi of which included voluntary membership , distribution of net income is set according to the individual - each member , interest on capital restrictions and so on , which all this by ICA categorized as Cooperative Principles.
ICA Session in 1966 formulated the principle - the principle of cooperation , broken down as follows :
cooperative membership is open without any restriction made - for ( Open and voluntarily membership)Ø
leadership that democracy on the basis of one person one vote ( Democratic control - one member one vote )Ø
Capital received bunag limited , and even then if there is ( Limited interest of capital )Ø
SHU divided into three :Ø
• The majority of reserves
• Most of the people
• Some to be distributed back to members in accordance with their services - each
All cooperatives must implement continuous education ( Promotion of Education )Ø
Ø cooperative movement should carry out close cooperation , both at the regional , national , international maupu ( Intercooperative network )
6 . Principle - the principle of cooperative Indonesia
According to the Act - Act 12 Yahun 1967Ø
If seen from the history of legislation - Indonesian cooperatives invitation , since Indonesia's independence there were four laws - laws regarding cooperatives , namely :
• Act - Act No. . 79 Know 1958 on cooperative societies
• Act - Act No. . 14 of 1965
• Act - Act No. . 12 of 1967 on the main points of cooperatives
• Act - Act No. . 25 of 1992 on cooperatives
Principle - the principle or joints - joints cooperative basis under law - No. . 12, 1967, are as follows
• The nature of membership is voluntary and open to any citizen of Indonesia
• Member Meeting is the highest authority as a reflection of democracy in the cooperative
• Distribution of SHU governed by their services - each member
• The interest on capital restrictions
• Develop the welfare of members in particular and society in general
• Business and ketatalaksanaannya is open
• Governmental , swakarta , and self-sufficiency as a matter of basic principle of self -confidence
According to the Act - Act No. .Ø 25 of 1992
Principle - the principle according to law - No. . 1992 25 Article 5 and the current in Indonesia is the cooperative principle is as follows :
• Membership is voluntary and open
• Management conducted democratically
• Division of Business Profits ( SHU ) was fairly comparable to the size of their business services - each member ( the member's share of the cooperative )
• provision of fringe benefits to the limited capital
• Independence
• cooperative education
• Cooperation among cooperatives
SOURCE
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koperasi
http://www.ombar.net/2009/08/prinsip-koperasi-indonesia.html
